2.1 What is the stock market?
Investing in equities is an important investment that we make to generate inflation-beating returns. This was the conclusion we drew from the previous chapter. Having said that, how do we go about investing in equities? Clearly, before we dwell further into this topic, it is essential to understand the ecosystem in which equities operate.
Just like the way we go to the neighbourhood Kirana store or a supermarket to shop for our daily needs, similarly, we go to the stock market to shop (read as transact) for equity investments. The stock market is where everyone who wants to transact in shares goes to. Transact, in simple terms, means buying and selling. You can’t buy/sell shares of a public company like Infosys without transacting through the stock markets for all practical purposes.
The main purpose of the stock market is to help you facilitate your transactions. So if you are a buyer of a share, the stock market helps you meet the seller and vice versa.
Now unlike a supermarket, the stock market does not exist in a brick and mortar form. It exists in electronic form. You access the market electronically from your computer and go about conducting your transactions (buying and selling of shares).
It is also important to note that you can access the stock market via a registered intermediary called the stockbroker. We will discuss more the stockbrokers at a later point.
There are two main stock exchanges in India that make up the stock markets. They are the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE). Besides these two exchanges, there are many other regional stock exchanges like Bangalore Stock Exchange, Madras Stock Exchange that are more or less getting phased out and don’t really play any meaningful role anymore.
2.2 Stock Market Participants and the need to regulate them
The stock market attracts individuals and corporations from diverse backgrounds. Anyone who transacts in the stock market is called a market participant. The market participant can be classified into various categories. Some of the categories of market participants are as follows:
- Domestic Retail Participants – These are people like you and me transacting in markets
- NRI’s and OCI – These are people of Indian origin but based outside India
- Domestic Institutions – These are large corporate entities based in India. A classic example would be the LIC of India.
- Domestic Asset Management Companies (AMC) – Typical participants in this category would be the mutual fund companies such as SBI Mutual Fund, DSP Black Rock, Fidelity Investments, HDFC AMC, etc.
- Foreign Institutional Investors – Non-Indian corporate entities. These could be foreign asset management companies, hedge funds, and other investors.
Now, irrespective of the category of market participant, everyone’s agenda is the same – to make profitable transactions. More bluntly put – to make money.
When money is involved, human emotions in the form of greed and fear run high. One can easily fall prey to these emotions and get involved in unfair practices. India has its fair share of such twisted practices, thanks to Harshad Mehta’s operations and the like.
Given this, the stock markets need someone who can set the game rules (commonly referred to as regulation and compliance) and ensure that people adhere to these regulations and compliance thereby making the markets a level playing field for everyone.
2.3 The Regulator
In India, the stock market regulator is called The Securities and Exchange Board of India, often referred to as SEBI. The objective of SEBI is to promote the development of stock exchanges, protect the interest of retail investors, and regulate market participants and financial intermediaries’ activities. In general, SEBI ensures:
- The stock exchanges (BSE and NSE) conducts its business fairly
- Stockbrokers and sub-brokers conduct their business fairly
- Participants don’t get involved in unfair practices
- Corporate’s don’t use the markets to unduly benefit themselves (Example – Satyam Computers)
- Small retail investors interests are protected
- Large investors with huge cash pile should not manipulate the markets
- Overall development of markets
Given the above objectives, it becomes imperative for SEBI to regulate the following entities. All the entities mentioned below are directly involved in the stock markets. Malpractice by anyone of the following entities can disrupt what is otherwise a harmonious market in India.
SEBI has prescribed a set of rules and regulations to each one of these entities. The entity should operate within the legal framework as prescribed by SEBI. The specific rules applicable to a specific entity are made available by SEBI on their website. They are published under the ‘Legal Framework’ section of their site.
| Entity | Example of companies | What do they do? | In simpler words |
|---|---|---|---|
| Credit Rating Agency (CRA) | CRISIL, ICRA, CARE | They rate the creditworthiness of corporate and governments | If a corporate or Govt entity wants to avail the loan, CRA checks if the entity is worthy of giving a loan |
| Debenture Trustees | Almost all banks in India | Act as a trustee to corporate debenture | When companies want to raise a loan, they can issue debenture against which they promise to pay interest. The public can subscribe to these debentures. A Debenture Trustee ensures that the debenture obligation is honoured |
| Depositories | NSDL and CDSL | Safekeeping, reporting and settlement of clients securities | Acts like a vault for the shares that you buy. The depositories hold your shares and facilitate the exchange of your securities. When you buy shares these shares sit in your Depositary account usually referred to as the DEMAT account. This is maintained electronically by only two companies in India |
| Depository Participant (DP) | Most of the banks and few stockbrokers | Act as an agent to the two depositories | You cannot directly interact with NSDL or CDSL. You need to liaison with a DP to open and maintain your DEMAT account |
| Foreign Institutional Investors | Foreign corporate, funds and individuals | Make investments in India | These are foreign entities with interest to invest in India. They usually transact in large amounts of money, and hence their activity in the markets have an impact in terms of market sentiment |
| Merchant Bankers | Karvy, Axis Bank, Edelweiss Capital | Help companies raise money in the primary markets | If a company plans to raise money by floating an IPO, then merchant bankers are the ones who help companies with the IPO process |
| Asset Management Companies (AMC) |
HDFC AMC, Reliance Capital, SBI Capital | Offer Mutual Fund Schemes | An AMC collects money from the public, puts that money in a single account, and then invests that money in markets intending to make the investments grow and generate wealth. |
| Portfolio Managers/ Portfolio Management System (PMS) |
Religare Wealth Management, Parag Parikh PMS | Offer PMS schemes | They work similarly to a mutual fund except in a PMS; you have to invest a minimum of Rs.25,00,000; however, there is no such cap in a mutual fund. |
| Stock Brokers and Sub Brokers | Zerodha, Sharekhan, ICICI Direct | Act as an intermediary between an investor and the stock exchange | Whenever you want to buy or sell shares from the stock exchange, you have to do so through registered stock brokers. A sub-broker is like an agent to a stockbroker. |
Key takeaways from this chapter
- The stock market is the place to go to if you want to transact in equities.
- Stock markets exist electronically and can be accessed through a stockbroker.
- There are many different kinds of market participants operating in the stock markets.
- Every entity operating in the market has to be regulated, and they can operate only within the framework as prescribed by the regulator.
- SEBI is the regulator of the securities market in India. They set the legal framework and regulate all entities interested in operating in the market.
- Most importantly you need to remember that SEBI is aware of what you are doing and they can flag you down if you are upto something fishy in the markets!
Write a public review